Notably they differ only mostly in when the "ten" is placed in front of the word instead of after. Also, in Classical Latin, the forms duodeviginti (two from twenty, or XIIX) and undeviginti (one from twenty) are used instead of octodecim and novendecim/novemdecim.
(Octodecim and Novendecim/Novemdecim are used in Renaissance Latin texts, usually for scientific or philosophical papers and manuscripts.)
Side note: Yes, September, October, November and December used to be the 7~10 months. January and February were added later.
I thought it was July and August that were the add-ons?
That's a common myth often 'quoted' in various trivia sources. The Roman Calendar used to start on March:
Martius (March) (named after Mars) Aprilis (April) (from aperio, "to open". Here it refers to flowers blooming) Maius (named after Maia) Iunius/Junius* (named after Juno, or after junior/iunior, 'younger', or possibly after jungo/iungo, "to join") Quintilis (5th month) Sextilis (6th month) September (7th month) October (8th month) November (9th month) December (10th month)
(*Js were absent in the Latin alphabet, so it was written with an I. For some strange reasons, academic sources usually do not write down the u's as v's despite u being non-existent as well. Double standard?)
There were a total of 304 days in the old Roman Calendar (Romulan Calendar). The remaining days were in Winter and considered 'dead', so they were not assigned to any month.
Numa Pompilius reformed the calendar (as funnily enough, odd numbers were considered lucky) by taking out one day from the months with an even number of days. The extra days were then added to the winter 'days' and made into Ianuarius/Januarius (named after Janus) and Februarius (after februum, a ritual implement used for purification). The two additional months were added before Martius in the civil calendar. The months Quintilis to December still retained their names despite no longer being the 5th to 10th months.
There were a total of 355 days in the Numan Calendar, so it did not align precisely with the solar cycle yet. Occasionally an additional leap 'month' (Mercedonius) was inserted in the middle of Februarius (Februarius was divided into two phases) to align the years with the solar cycle.
The decision to add the leap year was made by a Roman official, the Pontifex Maximus. This was highly subject to abuse, as said official had a tendency to lengthen the year when he or his allies were in power and to refuse lengthening when his enemies were in power instead. Allies in this case can also mean "people who bribed his ass off".
So, yeah, the years didn't really align properly either.
Julius Caesar then reformed the calendar. He first added a massive number of days* to 46 BC (for a total of 445 days) to align the calendar with the solar cycle. Days were then added to the preexisting months of the calendar until there were 365 days, and the leap 'month' was abolished in favor of a leap day once every four years (similar to our current calendar, but determined differently.) This calendar took effect in 45 BC, a year after the long 445-day year in 46 BC.
(*Ironically this can be seen as abuse of his power, as he was also a consul as that time, which has a term limit of one year [but can be elected multiple times, and it was his third time as consul].)
After Julius Caesar's death in 44 BC, the month Quintilis (Ceasar's birth month) was renamed Iulius/Julius in his honor. Later on Sextilis would also be renamed Augustus in the honor of Caesar's heir, Emperor Augustus.
There were a total of 304 days in the old Roman Calendar (Romulan Calendar). The remaining days were in Winter and considered 'dead', so they were not assigned to any month.
Will that be the same as the Vulcan calendar. ^^;
So, they refer to those as the **th day of winter instead of month name ?
TREHKWAHT-trohLittorio's
Italian ClassroomWell then, everyone -
Let's all have fun studying Italian today too...!Okay, first off...NOH-vehUndechi
Correct: OON-dee-cheeOkaaaay!!OO-nohDOO-ehLet's read the numbers starting from 1 in Italiaaaan!Deiehchi!!Correct pronunciation should be "dee-EH-chee", but, well, you know, it's Gouya talking, so...Typo. Should be "Quattro".Gouya-san always gets so upbeat from 10 onwards...Toreh-dechi!
Correct: TREH-dee-cheeDoh-dechi
Correct: DOH-dee-chee